Chemotherapy is firmly established as one of the main treatments for breast cancer. Although chemotherapy has gained popularity later than other therapeutic measures, it has proven to be an effective tool for both primary treatment (adjuvant therapy) and a common […]

In most cases, examinations of patients with localized tumors, the doctor concludes that the disease is predominantly systemic in nature, and metastases will develop later. Detection of numerous metastases, often years after the mastectomy, as well as during long-term observation […]

In the early work of the Nissen-Meier group from the Oslo Cancer Institute, it was shown that the appointment of cyclophosphamide immediately after surgery increases 10-year patient survival. The unpredictable nature of breast cancer and the need for long-term observation […]

In breast cancer, further extensive spread of the disease often occurs due to micrometastases not found at the time of diagnosis. Therefore, after treatment aimed at eliminating a local tumor, more and more attention is paid to subsequent adjuvant systemic […]

After a mastectomy, patients should be assigned an exercise program that increases shoulder mobility and prevents movement restriction in order to prevent the development of lymphoedema. The purpose of these exercises is to restore the normal functions of lifting and […]

Lymphoedema results from obstruction of the lymph ducts and veins. Especially often this complication is observed after the treatment of breast cancer by radical surgery in conjunction with radiation therapy (approximately 10% of cases). Other factors contributing to its development […]

After a mastectomy, patients should be assigned an exercise program that increases shoulder mobility and prevents movement restriction in order to prevent the development of lymphoedema. The purpose of these exercises is to restore the normal functions of lifting and […]

Disease-free survival In 1985, in the United States, the first study was published on the safe primary surgery for breast cancer. Later, the results presented in it were confirmed by other surgeons. This work supported the thesis of maximum breast […]

Combination of surgical method and radiation therapy in the treatment of early breast cancer After surgery, the frequency of local recurrences in the chest wall, ipsilateral lymph nodes or in the contralateral mammary gland is 7-30%. It is further increased […]